Kajian Nahwu "Kalam Nafi"

إلى حضرة النبي المصطفى محمّد صلى الله عليه وسلم وعلى اله وأصحابه أجمعين.
وإلى جميع مشايخنا وأساتذتنا وآبائنا والمسلمين والمسلمات الأحياء منهم والأموات خصوصا الى روح :

Muallif kitab ini,
Simbah Agus, Orang tua, keluarga
dan Anak turunku, Warih firdausi , semua yang aktif berbagi ilmu,
Semoga selalu dalam Rahmat Alloh di dunia dan akhirat, ilaa yaumil qiyamah wa husnul khotimah,

الفاتحة:
ﺑﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ (1)
اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻪ ﺭﺏ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ (2) اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ (3) ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﻡ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ (4) ﺇﻳﺎﻙ ﻧﻌﺒﺪ ﻭﺇﻳﺎﻙ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻴﻦ (5)
اﻫﺪﻧﺎ اﻟﺼﺮاﻁ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ (6) ﺻﺮاﻁ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻧﻌﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻻ اﻟﻀﺎﻟﻴﻦ (7)

Aamiin.

Semakna dg" qollamaa" dalam hal tidak mushorrifnya adalah :

ﻭﻣﺜﻞ "ﻗﻠﻤﺎ" ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ "
ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ,
ﻭﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ،
ﻭﻗﺼﺮ ﻣﺎ،
ﻭﺷﺪ ﻣﺎ

 Semua tambahan huruf "maa" diatas adalah maa zaidah, bro. Fungsinya untuk : taukid.

ﻣﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ (ﻣﺎ) ﻓﻴﻬﻦ ﺯاﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ،

Ia tidak beramal juga tidak butuh fail.

، ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻬﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ، ﻓﻼ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻬﻦ.

Jd hanya bersanding dg fiilnya saja, tanpa fail.

ﻭﻻ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﻦ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻌﻞ، ﻓﻬﻦ ﻛﻘﻠﻤﺎ.

Ibarot selanjutnya seperti dibawah ini, saya blom bisa memahaminya.

ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ اﻟﻌﺮﺏ "ﻓﺎﺭﻗﺖ (ﻃﻞ ﻭﻗﻞ) ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ

ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﻬﻤﺎ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺃﻻ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻮ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ، ﺃﻭ ﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪاﺭ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺰ.

Yg saya pahami dr ibarat diatas : dalam hal ini, sbgmn tercantum dalam lisanul arob, jika " tollamaa + qollama" td bersanding dg isim, mk tidak diperbolehkan. Itu karena dr dua contoh diatas, tidak bisa dipahami arahnya, mengingat tidak disebutkan konteks sebelum nya.

ﻭاﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ" اﻩـ.

Menurut abu ali alfarisy: baik " qollama + tollamaa" adalah fiil yg tidak butuh fail. Baik tersimpan maupun tampak.

ﻭﻗﺎﻝ اﺑﻮ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻲ "ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﻧﺤﻮﻫﻤﺎ اﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﻤﺮا ﻭﻻ ﻣﻈﻬﺮا،

Karena, secara umum, kalam bagi itu sudah bisa difahami tanpa adanya fail sekalipun.

ﻻﻥ اﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺳﻮﻍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.

Kalam nafi. ☝.
Barakallah lanaa wa lakum.
👉*Nominative Subject اَلْمُبْتَدَأ (al-mubtada’)*

1. Al mubtida اَلْمُبْتَدَأ is from the Arabic word اَلإِبْتِدَاءُ (al-ibtida’) meaning the beginning or starting, and hence (al-mubtada) is that which comes at the beginning of the sentence.
2. Al mubtida اَلْمُبْتَدَأ is a noun that is the subject of the talk or discussion.
3. Al mubtida اَلْمُبْتَدَأ in its أصْلٌ (origin) is generally مَعْرِفَةٌ(ma’arifa) i.e. definite.
4. Al mubtida اَلْمُبْتَدَأ is generally مَرْفُوْعٌ (marfoo’) i.e. Nominative, meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan on the last letter of the ism.

👉*Nominative Predicate - اَلْخَبَرُ (al-khabar)* 

1. Al khaber اَلْخَبَرُ literally means “information”. It is that which originally comes after اَلْمُبْتَدَأ (al-mubtada).
2. Al khaber اَلْخَبَرُ gives information or news about اَلْمُبْتَدَأ, and by which it completes a benefit with اَلْمُبْتَدَأ.
3. Al khaber اَلْخَبَرُ in its أصْلٌ (origin) is generally نَكِرَةٌ (nakira) i.e. indefinite.
4. Al khaber اَلْخَبَرُ is generally مَرْفُوْعٌ (marfoo’) i.e. Nominative, meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan on the last letter of the ism.

Note: اَلْمُبْتَدَأ (al-mubtada’) & اَلْخَبَرُ (al-khabar) will both match in gender i.e. if al-mubtada is masculine, then al-khabar will also be masculine and vice versa.
Anti bintu-n? (Correct)
Anta bintu-n? (Incorrect)
Anti waladu-n? (Incorrect)
If there are two subjects and they are of different genders, that is, one is masculine and one feminine, the predicate will be masculine, e.g.
(ar-rajulu wal-waladu wa l-bintu tullaabun) – The man, the boy and the girl are students (m).
And not (ar-rajulu wal-waladu wa l-bintu taalibaatun) – The man, the boy and the girl are students (f). [Don’t get confused here, we will cover these in details in coming lessons Insha’Allah]
[Note: tullaabun means “(male) students” and taalibaatun means “(female) students”]
Examples:
ar rajulu taalibun الرَّجُلُ طالِبٌ - The man is a student
(Mubtada’ = ar-rajulu and khabar = taalibun)
al-masjidu kareebu-n اَلْمَسْجِدُ قَرِيْبٌ – The mosque is near (Mubtada’ = al-masjidu and khabar = kareebu-n)
 

👉*Noun and Particle of Questioning – اِسْمٌ و حَرْفُ الإِسْتِفْهَامِ*
Ayna - أيْنَ – Where
This is the Noun of Questioning for Place (اِسْمٌ اِسْتِفْهَامٌ لِلْمَكَانِ). It is used to ask a question about the whereabouts of someone/something.
Examples:
Ayna anta? أنْتَ؟ أيْنَ – Where are you?
Ayna l kitabu? ؟ أيْنَ الْكِتَابُ - Where is the book?
Aa أَ and هَلْ (hal) – equivalent to “Is? /Am? /Are? /Do? /Have?
They turn the sentence into a question. These 2 are used for questions which has YES or NO answers.
When a أَ (‘aa) or هَلْ (hal) is placed in front of a nominal sentence it becomes a question, that’s all!
This أَ is called هَمْزَةُ الإِسْتِفْهَامِ. It comes at the beginning of the sentence as do all the nouns or particles of questioning/interrogative particles. It can be used to ask a question about those possessing intellect as well as the things that do not possess intellect.
Examples:
Is this a book?
A’hadha kitabun? أَهَـٰذَا كِتَابٌ ؟
Or
Hal hadha kitabun? هَلْ هَـٰذَا كِتَابٌ ؟
Na’am hadha kitabun نَعَمْ، هَـٰذَا كِتَابٌ – Yes this is a book.
A’khaleelun mudarrisun? أَخَلِيْلٌ مُدَرِّسٌ ؟ – Is Khaleel a teacher?
Note: هَلْ has a ‘sukoon’ on the ‘laam’ and when there is another word after ‘hal’ which has a ‘sukoon’ in the beginning, then to avoid presence of 2 sukoons, the sukoon on ‘hal’ is removed and replaced by a ‘kasrah’.